This article develops a two-stage dynamic model to analyze the involution of autocracy.
在中国近代以前的历史上,专制王朝虽时有更迭,专制制度却挥之不去。
In the Chinese language the word "autocracy" is not applied to monarchy but widely to the ministers,which was the idea commonly accepted by the emperor and his subject in ancient China.
汉语中的“专制”一词并不用于君主,而是广泛用于人臣,这是中国古代帝王臣民普遍认可的观念。
Civil slavishness,traditional custom,absolutism theories by ideologists,meritorious great leaders as well as national wills which are suitable to autocracy,are all the causes for the occurrence and existence of autocracy.
适于专制政体的国民的奴性、传统习俗、思想家们的专制主义理论、功勋无比的伟大领袖以及国家和国民意志的统一之需要等等,固然是专制产生和存在的原因,却唯有三者——亚细亚生产方式和“最高领导人是一个人”的社会结构之本性以及“最高领导人追求独掌最高权力”的人性——才是专制产生和存在的根本原因,亦即专制之真正根源。
The elements of a state are various,saying from the volition,the states are an outcome of the firmness and compromise of the volition;the definitely firmness or compromise of the volition causes the despotism;the unification between the two forms the democracy.
国家的质是多方面的,从意志上说,国家是意志坚定性与妥协性的产物;意志的绝对坚定性或绝对妥协性导致专制;坚定性与妥协性的统一形成民主。
In the context of the Chinese despotism, royal, monarchical and imperial authorities have not anything different in nature but in form.
王权、君权和皇权在中华专制主义的语境中只具有一种形态差异,而没有实质差异。
Discussion on Disintegration of Autarchy by Greek Skepticism;
论古希腊怀疑主义对专制的消解
According to Alexis de Tocqueville, a relatively independent and a pluralistic society is as indispensable as the "Let power limit power" constitutional government system in efforts to check autarchy and tyranny.
托克维尔认为,在限制国家专制权力和多数暴政方面,“以权力制约权力”的宪政体制固然必不可少,但一个相对自主的多元社会也是不可或缺的,它能对权力产生“社会的制衡”。
In traditional Chinese political culture,dictatorship is an insurmountable fortress of ideology.
在中国传统政治文化中,专制是一个无法逾越的意识形态堡垒。
From the perspectives of fa,shu,and shi,the content and nature of Hanfei thought is analyzed,revealing the terror that lies in the depth of heart of both the designer of dictatorship and the dictators themselves.
力求以平正的态度探讨韩非思想产生的背景:家庭背景、童年经验、知识底蕴、生理缺陷、师门传承,继而结合韩非思想的三个关键词:法、术、势,分析其内涵与本质,揭示专制设计师与专制者本人内心深处的恐怖。
The dictatorship system has had its history of thousand years in the world.
世界曾在千年专制的社会状态中度过了它黑暗的岁月，酷刑作为专制制度的必然产物，也陪伴着世界走到了专制的尽头。
Tocqueville proposes the concept of tyranny of the majority (TOM) in his Democracy in America, which has become a common topic in contemporary theories of democracy.
托克维尔在《论美国的民主》中提出了多数的专制的著名论断,成为当代民主理论中的常见话题。
It maintains adopting legal system to practice centralization of state power in politics,implementing the economic interference by stressing agriculture and restraining trade in economy,pursuing cultural despotism in culture,so as to meet the strategic objective of enriching a country and empower its military might.
《商君书》认为法治是实现社会整合的途径,主张运用法治手段,在政治上实行集权主义,在经济上推行重农抑商的经济干涉主义,在文化上实行文化专制,以实现富国强兵的战略目标。
This paper summarizes the historical crime of Japan s cultural aggression against China from three aspects——its policies and organizations, Japan s plundering and destruction of Chinese culture, the cultural despotism and enslaving education implemented by Japan in China.
本文从日本对华文化侵略的政策及组织、对中华文化的劫掠与摧残、实行文化专制与奴化教育等三个方面概括论述日本对华文化侵略的历史罪行。
After servant system reform in 1861,Russian dictatorial system transformed into capitalist monarchy system fast.
1861年农奴制改革以后,俄国专制制度迅速向资产阶级君主制演变。